WestIndianimmigrants


 * RESOURCES ON WEST INDIAN IMMIGRANTS**

** Summer 2010 **
(Add your items above the source located below) Ruben, R.G. (2006, October). //The Second generation in early adulthood: new findings from the children of immigrants longitudinal study//. Retrieved from [] Confirms all of the CIS percentiles from Chapter 9. Although the article’s main focus is of the immigrant populations of both Southern Florida as well as South California.

Model, S. (2009). //Caribbean immigrants: a black success story?// [International Migration Review, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer, 1991), pp. 248-276]. Retrieved from [] [] This is a success story that analyzes different explanations for why West Indian immigrants continue to outperform Afro-Americans economically. Three explanations are cultural superiority, stronger human capital, and a much more favorable standing among whites.

Nevaer, L. E. (2003, December 4). In Black-Hispanic Debate, West Indians Side With Hispanics - NAM. //New America Media//. Retrieved June 26, 2010, from [] This specific article speaks to the identity crisis faced by many incoming immigrants but I also found the site itself interesting. It is a site specifically for new immigrants to America. It has relevant articles for many different cultures. Rutter, M., Yule, B., Morton, J., & Bagley, C. (2006). Children Of West Indian Immigrants : III. Home Circumstances and Family Patterns. //The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry//, //16//(2), 105 - 123. Retrieved June 26, 2010, from the Wiley Interscience database. This was an excerpt from the article specifically related to the family of West Indian cultures. It spoke a lot about what the different cultures were like when compared to each other and how that effects family life. Waters, M. C. (2001). //Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities (Russell Sage Foundation Books at Harvard University Press)// (New Ed ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Extremely interesting book that speaks about one persons observations of the disparities faced by West Indians as they come in to America.

Mollenkopf, J., Waters, M. C., Holdaway, J., & Kasinitz, P. (n.d.). The Dynamics of Assimilation. //Network on Transitions to Adulthood Policy Brief//. Retrieved June 26, 2010, from [|www.transad.pop.upenn.edu/downloads/chap%2014-formatted.pdf] This article is about factors that influence young adult life of the second generation West Indie immigrants. It talks about upward mobility and the effects of racial segregation.

**Hai-ping, Q. (n.d.). Immigrants assimilation in New York after 1960s.** //**Linguist.org**//**. Retrieved June 26, 2010, from www.linguist.org.cn/doc/su200805/su20080512.p**df This article references racial isolation of the West Indie immigrants in the 1960's and how they have worked to assimilate into United States culture. The positives and negatives of assimilation and identifying with different cultures are discussed in this article. West Indies are compared to other ethnic immigrants in the same area and what factors might influences their acculturation success. Jones, C. (n.d.). Essay: Moving Beyond the West Indian Success Story. //scholarworks.iu.edu//. Retrieved June 26, 2010, from https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/6870/04_essay_moving_beyond_the_west_indian_success_story.pdf?sequence=1 This is an article that discusses why the West Indie immigrants may have a higher socio-economic status than african americans. Person. (n.d.). ZCommunications | Assimilation is a Double-Edged Sword for Immigrants by Aviva Chomsky | ZNet Article. //Z Communications//. Retrieved June 26, 2010, from http://www.zcommunications.org/assimilation-is-a-double-edged-sword-for-immigrants-by-aviva-chomsky This article talks about how different groups are assimilating to the United States culture. It focuses on how there were Mexicans and native Americans living on the country before the United States won the territories over, yet America continues to see itself as a white country. The first European immigrants started off as the minority in this country, but eventually assimilated to our culture and the term "white" expanded to fit the Polish, Jews, and other white European ethnic groups. No matter how much colored immigrants assimilate into the United States culture, nothing is going to change the color of their skin, which wont change the ideocracies carried with that burden. Benson, E. J. (2006). Exploring the racial identities of black immigrants in the United States. //Sociological Forum, 21//, 219-247. This article examines the effect that the social construct of race has on West Indian immigrants. This also determines how/if they identify with the African American community, and some of the effects that result from this. Djajic, S. (2003). Assimilation of immigrants: Implications for human capital accumulation of the second generation. //Journal of Population Economics, 16,// 831-845. Djajic (2003) examines how the rate of assimilation of the first generation of immigrants - “more similar to the native population in terms of earnings, human capital, occupational status, consumption, housing, social customs, values and attitudes, language proficiency, family relations and fertility, educational attainment of children, etc” – relates to the human capital accumulation of the second generation of immigrants (pp. 832). Immigrants who are similar in “ethnicity, religion, language, customs, experience, skin color, etc.” are generally more accepted by the host culture (pp. 833).

Websites //The Neo African Americans//. (2009). Retrieved April 14, 2009, from http://neoafricanamericans.blogspot.com/ (This website discusses the identity crises that West Indian and African immigrants may endure in the United States. It examines how those two ethnic groups associate themselves with African Americans, and how other Americans perceive them in relation to African Americans).

Bashi, V. (2000). //Crashing the Transnational Mobility Party: How West Indian Immigrant Network Migration Occurs Despite an International Anti-black Blockade//. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from http://www.spc.uchicago.edu/prc/pdfs/Bashi.pdf (This article is about West Indian immigration laws and policies in three different cities [London, New York, Toronto]. It also discusses racism issues in those three cities).
 * Scholarly Journals**

Buddington, S. A. (2002). Acculturation, Psychological Adjustment (stress, depression, self-esteem) and the Academic Achievement of Jamaican Immigrant College Students. //International Social Work//, 45(4), 447. (This article specifically discusses the assimilation issues of Jamaican college students in America. Psychological aspects, culture shock, and academic achievement are a few of the topics covered).

Deaux, K., Bikem, M., Gilkes, A., & Joseph, Y. (2007). Becoming American: stereotype threat effects in Afro-Caribiean immigrant groups. //Social Psychology Quarterly, 70(4), 384-404.// (This article examines the effect of negative stereotypes about black people on the first and second generations of West Indian immigrants.)

Hines, D. (1997). //The Acculturation of Jamaican Children in the American Educational System//. US Department of Education: Eric. Retrieved April 14, 2009, from http://www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/15/2e/28.pdf (This article provides background knowledge of the West Indian culture, but more specifically of Jamaica's culture. It explores academic achievement of Jamaican immigrant students in America, but focuses on the poor immigrants. It also discusses the culture shock that comes with going to school in America after living in the West Indies, and the adjustments that need to occur because of it).

Model, S. (2008). The Secret of West Indian Success. //Society// 45(6) 544-548. (This article discusses the possible reasons that West Indian emmigrants are more economically successful than then African Americans)

McLean, J//. (2007).// Make a Joyful Noise unto the Lord: Music and Songs within Pentecostal West Indian Immigrant Religious Communities in Diaspora. //Studies in World Christianity//, 2007, 13(2), 127-141

Warikoo, N. (2004). Race and the Teacher-student Relationship: Interpersonal Connections between West Indian Students and their Teachers in a New York City High School. //Race, Ethnicity & Education//, 7(2), 135-147. (This article discusses West Indian immigrants' relationships with teachers in one New York City high school. It explores cultural differences, student-teacher relationships, and teacher-parent relationships. It also provides a background of the educational culture in the West Indies).

Waters, M. C., (1994) //Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Black Immigrants in New York City.// International Migration Review 28(4), 795-820.

Burden, A. M. (2004). The Newest New Yorkers 2000. //Briefing Booklet: Immigrant New York in the New Millennium//. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_briefing_booklet.pdf (This resource is a 2000 Census of all of New York City's immigrant population. The statistics are broken down into specific ethnic groups, and information is explained through charts and text).
 * Census**

US Cencsu Bureau (2007), //County and City Data Book:// 2007 (14th edition). Washington, DC.


 * Books**

Antony, T. (2005). //Da Kink in My Hair.// Playwrites Canada Press: Toronto. (This is a dramtic play about a woman from the West Indies)

Foner, N. (2001). //Islands in the City: West Migration to New York//. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (This book discusses West Indian immigration to New York. It gives insider perspectives, and discusses everything from rationale's for leaving their country of origin to new community and family dynamics).

Henke, H. (2001). //The West Indian Americans: The New Americans//. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport, CT.

Hines, D., (1997) //The Acculturation of Jamacian children in the American cultural system.// US Department of Education (unpublished report).

Kasinitz, P., Battle, J., & Miyares, I. (2001). //Fade to Black? The Children of West Indian Immigrants in Southern Florida//. In //Ethnicities//: Children of Immigrants in America (267-300). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. (This chapter of the //Ethnicities// book discusses West Indian immigration to Southern Florida, and the children who are born to these immigrants. Survey responses are explored, rationales are given, assimilation and reception issues are provided, family and community dynamics are discussed, and educational concerns are listed).

Model, Susan. (2008). West Indian Immigrants: A Black Success Story?New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. ( This book makes the case that the West Indians could be a case of a model immigrant sory.)

Mohammed, P. (editor) (2002). //Gendered Realities//. University of West Indies Press//.// Kingston, Jamaca. (This book compares the experiences of female immigrants from the West Indies)

Waters, M. C. (2001). //Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities//. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books hl=en&lr=&id=p7Ei48CFmMwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&d =west+indian+immigration+t +america&ots=2adwV0_VrW&sig=wK4jv3aDzvovi37 P_ _nMYP5fM#PPP1,M1 (This book discusses the identity crisis that most West Indian immigrants go through at some point in their lives. It explores the relationship between African Americans and West Indian immigrants, and sheds light on what a lot of West Indian immigrants hope that America can do for them).

Gewertz, K. (2000, February 24). Waters Brings the 'Invisible Immigrants' to Light. //The Harvard University Gazette//. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/02.24/i_waters.html (This newspaper article discusses the sudden upswing of West Indian immigrants in America. It gives possible reasons for this occurence, and also explores assimilation, reception, and educational issues).
 * Newspaper Article**

(This speech explained the importance of education and the opportunities that it provides.) ||
 * Speech**
 * Forsythe-Brown, I., 2005-08-12 "Linking Educational Aspirations and Motivations for Migration among Caribbean Immigrants: Notes from the field" //Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA// //Online// . 2009-05-25 from []

Kobi1tv. (2008, May 1). The Neo African Americans. Video posted to http://video.yahoo.com/watch/3457974/9634358 (This video clip is a trailer from a documentary. It explores West Indian and African identity crises regarding African Americans).
 * Video Clip**

=**FALL 2009**= 8:00 SECTION


 * __12:30 SECTION__**

(This article describes how discrimination and language barriers are educational issues. It also provides different studies that have been done.)
 * Deaux, K, Bikmen, N, Gilkes, A, & Ventuneac, A. (2007). Becoming american: stereotype threat effects in afro-caribbean immigrant groups. //Social Psychology Quarterly//, 70(4). **

**Diallo, M. C., & Yanoussou, A. (Eds.). (2008, June 26). Growing up without parents increases parent respect for immigrant youth. //New York Amsterdam News// //, 99// (27), p. 18. ** (This article gives views on different immigrant children who grew up for sometime without their parent.)

**Guy, T. (2001). Black Immigrants of the Caribbean: An Invisible and Forgotten Community. //Adult Learning//, //12//(4/V13), 18-21. Retrieved November 11, 2009, from Education Full Text database.** (This article speaks about acculturation issues of Caribbean immigrants in the U.S. It also makes suggestions for teachers to help Caribbean students better adjust to life in the United States.)

** Kasinitz, P., Battle, J., & Miyares, I. (2001). Fade to Black? The Children of West Indian Immigrants in Southern Florida. In R. Rumbaut, & A. Portes, //Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America// (pp. 267-300). Los Angeles: University of California Press. **  (This book chapter discusses several topics including race, identity, the second generation, black immigrants in southern Florida, and education. It also includes numerous statistics relating to these topics.)

(This article outlines the problems that Jamaican immigrants encounter in the United States educational system, particularly being placed in special reading classes or ESOL classrooms and the lack of their heritage being a part of the curriculum. The article then examines what teachers can do to help these students in the classroom, such as incorporating their culture in the classroom, and becoming aware of the distinct differences between Jamaicans, African Americans, Cubans, and other students with dark complexions.)
 * Kirkwood, T. (2002). Jamaican students of color in the American classroom: problems and possibilities in education //Intercultural Education//, 13(3). **

**Lollis, S., & Navara, G.S. (2009). How Adolescent children of African jamaican immigrants living in canada perceive and negotiate their roles within a matrifocal family. //Family Process//, 48(3), Retrieved from [|www.FamilyProcess.org] **  (Due to the amount of immigration, a research study was conducted to examine the adolescent-parent relationships of Jamaican immigrants in Canada. The study focused on how cultural values, traditions, and beliefs are transmitted.)

**Lopez, N. (2002). Race-gender experiences and schooling: second- generation dominican, west indian, and haitian youth in new york city. //Race Ethnicity and Education//, 5(1).** (This article discusses the different outlooks on education for West Indian Immigrants for both men and women.)

**Mitchell, N., & Bryan, J. (2007). School-Family-Community Partnerships: Strategies for School Counselors Working with Caribbean Immigrant Families. //Professional School Counseling//, //10//(4), 399-409. Retrieved November 11, 2009, from Education Full Text database.** (This article gives some background about the history and culture of Caribbean immigrants and addresses some of the issues these immigrants face adapting to American schooling. It goes on to suggest ways in which schools can help Caribbean students be more academically successful, particularly through school-family-community partnerships.)

**Morrison, J.W., Ispa, J., & Milner, V. (1998). Ideas about child rearing among jamaican mothers and early childhood education teachers. //Journal of Research in Childhood Education//, 12(2), Retrieved from**  [|**http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtmlrecid=0bc05f7a67b1790e31070eb655f153169e29f1e27d0a5654b5e8c91352803c1ea600b562f545800d&fmt=H**] (This article is about a study that was done comparing the ideas about child rearing between Jamaican mothers and early childhood educators. The findings in this study showed that there is a significant relationship between a child’s educational level and the child rearing ideas. )

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">New York Public Library (n.d.) Caribbean Immigration. In Motion: The african-american migration experience. Retrieved ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">November 4, 2009 from: [|**http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/landing.cfm?migration=10**] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> (This websit **<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">e provides information on Caribbean migration including readings on “Leaving the Caribbean” and “Coming to the United States”. The website also includes, pictures, maps, and texts related to the topic.) **

__**2:00 SECTION**__


 * Wolverhampton City Council (2002). African caribbean. Retrieved from http://www.wolverhamptonarchives.dial.pipex.com/local_migration_african.htm**

//(This website talks about the West Indian Migration mainly to the U.K., but the information is general enough to understand the reasoning for the migration. It was mainly for job opportunities. The website contains pictures and actual copies of newspaper articles relating to the migration.)//


 * West Indies (2008). In History encyclopedia online. Retrieved from: http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=225727**

//(The encyclopedia through History.com tells about the general information regarding the West Indies. It describes the multiple island found in the region, the climate, geography, and political divisions found throughout this area.)//


 * The Gale Group, Inc. (1996). Black west indians in the united states. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Retrieved November 04, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458000038.html**

//(This website looks into the orientation, history and cultural relations, marriage and family, and the other aspects of the West Indians that live in the United States. It also describes the settlements and the economy in the West Indian population, which settled in the United States before World War II.)//


 * Lightfoot, N. (2009, July 1). A transnational sense of "home": twentieth-century West Indian immigration and institution building**
 * in the Bronx The Free Library. Retrieved November 04, 2009 from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Atransnationalsenseof"home":twentieth-centuryWestIndian...-a0203022045**

//(This journal article focuses on the Caribbean or West Indian immigration in New York City. The author looks into the city’s economy, political landscape and cultural production and how the Caribbean immigrants have been increasing exponentially. It also focuses on migrants to the Bronx from the West Indies and searches for the historical experiences of the immigrants.)//


 * Gladwell, M. (1996). Black like them. The New Yorker. Retrieved November 4, 2009 from http://www.gladwell.com/1996/1996_black.htm**

//(This article from The New Yorker, the author describes his family’s experiences within the United States. He also explores why West Indians and American blacks are perceived differently.)//


 * Black west indians in the united states: orientation. Countries and their cultures. Retrieved November 4, 2009 from**
 * http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Black-West-Indians-in-the-United-States-Orientation.html**

//(This website briefly describes the identification, location, and demography of West Indians in the United States. It identifies the people who are considered West Indian and distinguishes them from African Americans in the United States’ society.)//


 * New York Public Library (n.d.) Caribbean Immigration. In Motion: The african-american migration experience. Retrieved**
 * November 4, 2009 from: http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/landing.cfm?migration=10**

//(This website gives images, maps, and descriptions of West Indian Immigration. The descriptions include: leaving the Caribbean, coming to the United States, reception and adaptation, the route taken to get to America.)//


 * Lightfoot, N. (2009. A transnational sense of "home": twentieth-century West Indian immigration and institution building in the**
 * Bronx. The Free Library, Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com**

//(This article describes the lives of West Indian immigrants living in the Bronx.)//


 * Every Culture (2009). Black west Indians in the United States. Retrieved November 4, 2009 from the Every Culture website:**
 * http://www.everyculture.com**

//(This website describes the identification, location, and demography of West Indian immigrants living in the United States.)//


 * Issues in Social work, Child welfare, and mental health. (n.d.). West Indian Immigrants. Retrieved November 2, 2009, from**
 * web.uconn.edu/cisws/publications/wib.pdf**

//(This journal talks about issues concerning West Indian Immigrants regarding social work, child welfare, and mental health. However, it focuses mainly on the English-speaking countries found throughout the Caribbean region.)//


 * Model, S. (2009). West Indian immigrants: a black success story?. New York: Russell Rage Publication.**

//(This books talks about a variety of facts and information about West Indian Immigrants and their immigration to the United States.)//


 * West Indies and Caribbean Immigrant (n.d.). West indies and Caribbean immigrant earnings in the united states. The penalties associated with English proficiency and racial self-identification. Retrieved November 2, 1009, from paa2006.princeton.edu/**
 * download.aspx?submissionId =60693**

//(This website talks about the earnings of West Indian immigrants in the United States.)//


 * Mederious, M. (2007). Immigration and america’s black population. Received November 5, 2009 from: http://findarticles.com/p/**
 * articles/mi_qa3761/is_200712/ai_n24392730/**

//(This is a great website explaining the history of Caribbean migration groups traveling to the United States and the U.K. It goes into great detail as to their cultures at home and the reasons they chose to migrate away from their homes. It is filled with statitistics regarding the population of the Caribbean immigrants now inhabited in the United States. )//


 * Mitchell, N. (2005). Academic achievement among caribbean immigrant adolescents: The impact of generational status on academic self-concept. Professional School Counseling. Retrieved from http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-128973097/academic-achievement-among-caribbean.html**

//(This magazine article was a great source for the topic of a current education issue regarding West Indian immigrants. It discussed the low achievement and drop out rates concerning students in the United States and explains how a poor school environment has influenced that behavior.)//


 * The Canadian Encyclopedia (2009). West Indians. The canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved from**
 * http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008531**

//(This encyclopedia entry discusses the impact West Indian immigrants had on Canada specifically. It does briefly discuss the history of the West Indian immigrants and their motives for leaving their home lands. Great resource for Canadians.)//


 * Mitchell, N. & Bryan, J. (2007, April). School-family-community partnerships: Strategies for school counselors working with caribbean immigrant families. American School Counselor Association, 10 (4), 399-409.**

//(This article reflects Mitchell’s previous article regarding the need for change in our counselor curriculum. Counselors are not adequately reaching out towards Caribbean immigrants. This article explains the changes that need to be seen in our future school’s counseling curriculum in order to see a change in the achievement gap and drop out rates.)//


 * McGill, Lisa D. (2005.) Constructing black selves: Caribbean american narratives and the second Generation. University Press: New York.**

//(This book looks at the experiences of Caribbean immigrants and the second generation, and how the Caribbean identity has changed over time.)//


 * Gewertz, K. (2000.) Waters brings the 'invisible immigrants' to light. Harvard Gazette. Retrieved from: http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/02.24/i_waters.html**

//(This article discusses some of the ideas in Waters’ book, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. It looks at social mobility of immigrants and how keeping a separate, West Indian identity can be helpful to immigrants and their children.)//


 * Caribbean Immigration. (n.d.) In Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved from: http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6039/Caribbean-Immigration.html**

//(This article looks at reasons and motives for leaving the Caribbean, and relations with African Americans in the US. It has some information about how they identify themselves, as African Americans or from a Caribbean island.)//


 * Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. (n.d.) Caribbean immigration resources. Retrieved from: http://www.**
 * inmotionaame.org/texts/index.cfm;jsessionid=f830572481257882100795?migration=10&topic=99&type=text&bhcp=1>**

//(This site gives links to a number of articles and tables about Caribbean Immigrants.)//

9:30 (2010)

= Bankston, C. L., & Hidalgo, D. A. (2006). Immigration in U.S. History. Pasadena, California: Salem Press. = This source talks about how West Indian immigrants have achieved a great deal of economic, educational, and political success in the United States compared to native African Americans. The article distinguished between middle- and upper-class professionals and lower/working class West Indian immigrants and how they identify themselves. The conflict between West Indian Americans and African Americans is also discussed briefly.

**Brooklyn Independent Television. (Bric Arts Media). (2009, September 22).** **42nd Annual West Indian Day Carnival [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from** **iTune/podcast/BrooklynOnSite.** ** This podcast was taken in part to describe the event that takes place every ** year. It was an episode, and depicts many of the culture's costumes. It shows different country's flags throughout the episode.

// **Caribbean Immigration** // **. (2010). Retrieved April 12, 2010, from Encyclopedia Online: http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6039/Caribbean-Immigration.html** This source talks about the motivations for West Indian immigrants for leaving their home countries such as political turmoil, family reunification, and economic reasons. It talks about the differences between the racial discrimination experienced by West Indian immigrants compared to other blacks. Finally, the strained relations between West Indian immigrants and African Americans is discussed.

**Foner, Nancy. (2008.) Gender and Migration: West Indians in Comparative** **Perspective. International Migration volume 47, 4-15.** This article talks about gender in West Indies Migration. It takes different migration spots (The US, Canada, Europe) and the differences between females and males coming to that area. It also discusses the jobs the West Indies immigrants had when they immigrated and the reasons for their leaving their home country.

**Kasinitz, P., Battle, J., & Ines, M. (2001). Fade to Black? The Children of West Indian Immigrants in Southern Florida. In R. G. Rumbaut, & A. Portes (Eds.),** //**Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America**// **(pp. 267-295). Berkeley, California: University of California Press.** This chapter focused on the results of a Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) in Southern Florida. It looks at differences between the first and second generation of West Indian immigrants, racial discrimination experienced by this group, educational values, and professions typically reported by this group. There is a variety of charts and tables to visually show a lot of this information.

**Library, N. Y. (n.d.).** //**Caribbean Immigration**//**. Retrieved April 12, 2010, from In Motion: The African American Migration Experience: http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/landing.cfm?migration=10** This source has maps, images, and texts of Caribbean Immigration. One of the maps includes the countries in the Caribbean and a bar graph above each country to represent the number of emigrants from that country admitted to the U.S. from 1989-2001. The texts include: leaving the Caribbean, coming to the United States, and reception and adaptation to name a few.

**Model, S. (2008). The Secret of West Indian Success.** //**Global Society**// //**, 45**// **(6), 544-548.** This source talks about how West Indian immigrants have enjoyed greater economic success than African Americans for a long time. The article explores 4 possible explanations for this which include the theories that: West Indians are positively selected immigrants, Caribbean slavery taught West Indians valuable skills, socialization in an all-black society is psychologically beneficial for blacks, and that white Americans discriminate less against West Indians than African Americans. Each theory was then empirically tested. The results were that only the theory of positive selection received support.

**Morrissey, R. & Matlock, F. (2005). American West Indian Association. Retrieved April 18, 2010 from http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2311.html.** This website is dedicated to the American West Indian’s culture. It is an informative website that will explain the countries that make up the AWIA and time frames of the beginning of the organization. It gives a definition for the structure of how the AWIA is set up and how they went through hardships as an organization and what stayed strong through adversity.

**Warikoo, N. (2004). Race and the student-teacher relationship: Interpersonal connections between West Indian Students and their teachers in a New York high school**//**. Race, Ethnicity & Education, 1**//**(2), 135-145. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from the Academic Search Premier database.** The article talked about the different ways that teachers of a certain race connect/ treat students of a certain race. This article focused on West Indian students relationships with West Indian teachers, African American teachers and white teachers. The article also talked about some family dynamics that effect students success in schools.

**West Indies. Columbia Encyclopedia. Answers.com. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/caribbean-1.** This article talked about the history of the West Indies. It talked about the geographical area of the West Indies, the people of the West Indies, and the climate of the West Indies. This is important so that we know about the area from which West Indian immigrants orginate. 12:30 (2010)